CHAPTER 7: LIFELINE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

CHAPTER 7: LIFELINE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

Important Terms

• Transport: Movement of people and goods from one place to another place is called transport. Modes of transport are: a) Land [Road, Rail, Pipeline], b) Water [Inland, Oceanic] and c) Air [Domestic, International]
• Communication: Transfer of idea, message, and information from one place to another place is called communication. Modes of communication are TV, radio, cellphone, newspaper, magazines, internet. Communication has two types: a) Print Media [Newspaper, Magazines] and b) Electronic Media [TV, Radio, Internet].
• Harbour: It is an area of sea which provides safe entrance to ships. It also protects ships from waves and storms.
• Port: It is a point on the coast which provides facility of anchoring of ship. It also provide facilities like loading and unloading, berth, cold storage. A port is connected with its hinterland. Seaports help in international trade and commerce.
• Hinterland: It is an area which serves port for international trade. For example, Maharastra, M P, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana are hinterland for Mumbai seaport. Various things produced in these states are exported through Mumbai port.
• Express Highway: These are 6 lanes best quality of roads. They have been constructed to connect important cities of India and to provide fast traffic from one place to other place.
• International Trade: Exchange of goods and services between two or more countries is called international trade.

Remember These Facts

• Golden Quadrilateral road connect north with south and east with west. It connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. It is 6 lanes good quality super express highway. It total length is 5846 km.
• East – West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujurat]. It connects Guwahati, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Jhansi and Rajkot.
• North – South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari. It connects Delhi, Agra, Nagpur, Hydrabad and Bangalore.
• Density of road is lowest in Jammu and Kashmir. It is only 10 km for 100 sq. km. area. Density of road is low in this state because this is a hilly state with very low populaton.
• Highest road density is found in Kerala. It is about 375 km. for 100 sq. km. area.
• Longest pipeline in India is H-B-J Pipeline [Hazira-Bijapur-Jagddishpur]. It is about 1700 km. long.
• Indian railway is divided into 16 railway zones.
• NH – 1 connects Delhi and Amritsar.
• NH – 2 connects Delhi and Kolkata. It is also called as Grand Truck Road.
• NH – 3 connects Mumbai and Agra.
• NH – 7 connects Varanasi and Kanyakumari. It is longest in India.

Road Transport and Its Types

• India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Total road length in India is about 2.3 million km. There are various types of road in India.

• Golden Quadrilateral road connect north with south and east with west. It connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. It is 6 lanes good quality super express highway. It total length is 5846 km.
• East – West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujurat]. It connects Guwahati, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Jhansi and Rajkot.
• North – South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari. It connects Delhi, Agra, Nagpur, Hydrabad and Bangalore.
• Density of road is lowest in Jammu and Kashmir. It is only 10 km for 100 sq. km. area. Density of road is low in this state because this is a hilly state with very low populaton.
• Highest road density is found in Kerala. It is about 375 km. for 100 sq. km. area.
• Longest pipeline in India is H-B-J Pipeline [Hazira-Bijapur-Jagddishpur]. It is about 1700 km. long.
• Indian railway is divided into 16 railway zones.
• NH – 1 connects Delhi and Amritsar.
• NH – 2 connects Delhi and Kolkata. It is also called as Grand Truck Road.
• NH – 3 connects Mumbai and Agra.
• NH – 7 connects Varanasi and Kanyakumari. It is longest in India.

Road Transport and Its Types

• India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Total road length in India is about 2.3 million km. There are various types of road in India.
• Golden Quadrilateral: It is a 6 lane super highway. This connects four mega cities of our country i.e Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. East-West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujarat]. North-South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari [Tamil Nadu].
• National Highways: These roads are most important in India. National Highways are constructed by CPWD. Important National Highways are NH-1, NH-2, NH-7 etc. These highways connects important cities, railways stations, port, mining areas, capital towns etc.
• State Highways: These roads connect state capital with district headquarters. They are constructed by SPWD [State Public Work Dept.].
• District Roads: These roads are found in rural areas. They connect district headquarter with village and blocks.
• Other Roads: It includes village roads. They are mainly non-metalled roads. Many roads have been constructed under “Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana”.
• Border Roads: Border Roads are constructed by Border Road Organisation [BRO]. These roads are constructed along the borders which are used to connect isolated parts with main country. These roads are very important from strategic point of view.

Merits or Advantage of Roadways

a)    Construction and maintenance of road is much lower than railways.

b)    Roads can be constructed on hills, plateaus, forests and desert also.

c)    Road can negotiate high degree of slope and can take sharp turns.

d)    It provides door-to-door service facilities.

e)    Roads can be constructed in the hills and forest also.

f)     It is economical for few passengers and small amount of goods.

g)    Transportation of perishable items e.g. milk, fish, vegetables are more reliable by roads.

h)    Cost of loading and unloading of goods is much lower.

i)     Road transport provide link between other mode of transport such as rail, airport, seaport etc.

Indian Railway at a Glance

§  Indian railway is about 150 years old. First rail was started in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane.

§  It connects State Capital with Capital of India. It also connects major towns and cities, tourist places, mining centers, seaports, airports etc.

§  There are about more than 7,000 stations on 63,000 km. long railway tract.

§  Indian railway is divided into 16 zones for proper administration.

§  Railways in India have three gauge system:      a) Broad Gauge             [1.676 m]

b) Meter Gauge             [1.0 m]

c) Narrow Gauge           [0.762 and 0.610 m].

§  There are various types of train running in India such as Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Mail and Express, Local and Special Trains which carry passengers.

§  About 80% of freight [goods] and 70% of passenger traffic is carried by railways.

§  Konkan Railways is built in Western Ghat Mountain. It is an example of best railway engineering in India. It has hundred of tunnels and bridges.

§  There is marked improvement in Indian railways. They are: a) Computerised Reservation System, b) Waiting Room Facilities on Stations, c) Catering Facility, d) Electrification of Tracks, e) Uni-Gauge System [Conversion of all gauges into broad gauge], f) Replacement of Steam Engine with Electric Engine, g) Special Trains like Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Jan Shatabdi, Summer Special etc.

Merits or Advantage of Railways

• Good for transportation of bulky and heavy materials
• It is cheaper for transporting goods for longer distances.
• Best for transportation of raw materials e.g. iron ore, manganese, coal etc.
• It is fast mode transportation.
• Large number of passengers can be transported.
• Railway provides various facilities such as night berth, catering, computerized reservation etc.

Pipelines in India and Its Advantages

• Pipelines are used to transport gas and liquid materials such as mineral or refined oil, natural gas, water or even milk. Solid items can also be transported after making it ‘slurry’.
• Pipelines are found from oil producing centers to oil refinery plants and from oil refinery plants to the market [city].
• Minerals oil from upper Assam is transported to Barauni and Allahabad oil refinery through pipeline.
• Pipeline from Salaya to Jalandhar via Mathura and Delhi is also very important pipeline.
• The longest pipeline in India is H-B-J pipeline which connect Hazia, Bijapur and Jagdishpur. It is about 1700 km. long.

Advantage of Pipeline Transportation

• Pipeline is best for transportation of gas and liquid materials e.g. oil, natural gas, water and milk.
• Construction of pipeline is cheaper than road and railways.
• Pipeline can be constructed in forest, swampy area, hills and desert. It can also be laid down under river and ocean water.
• Pipeline can ensure regular, quick and on-demand supply of liquid and gaseous materials.
• Pipelines can be operated at low energy cost and it does not pollute environment.

Water Transportation in India

• Water transportation is cheapest among all mode of transportation because there is no need to construct any route.
• They are cheaper for transporting bulky and heavy raw materials.
• India has many perennial and seasonal rivers which offer transport facility. India has about 14,500 km long inland navigation waterways.
• India also has long sea coast on which there are many ports like Mumbai, Goa, Kochhi, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Haldia etc.
• India has three National Waterways:
• National Waterways – 1               Ganga                       1620 km.          Allahabad – Haldia
• National Waterways – 2               Brahmaputra             891 km.                        Sadiya – Dhubri
• National Waterways – 3               West Coast Canal       205 km.                        Kollam - Kottapuram
• There are some problems in using waterways like: a) Peninsular rivers are seasonal, b) Many rivers make waterfalls in their course, c) Water transportation is slowest among all transport modes, d) Construction of dams and barrage also blocks waterways, e) Many rivers flow in uninhabited area, f) Indian coast are shallow and we have less natural ports.

Distinguish between Ports on West and East Coasts

West Coast Ports		East Coast Ports
1.    West coast ports are located in the west along Arabian Sea. 2.    Important west coast ports are Mumbai, Mangalore, Marmagao, Cochin. 3.    Cotton, spices, coffee, rubber, iron ore, manganse etc are exported to USA and European countries. 4.    Mumbai is the largest port on west coast.		1.    East coast ports are located in the east along Bay of Bengal. 2.    Important east coast ports are Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and Tuticorin. 3.    Hinterland of these ports are rich in resources like iron ore, bauxite, manganese, mica. 4.    Kolkata is the largest port on east coast.

Airways in India and Its Advantages

• It is fastest and most comfortable mode of transport. It can cover long distance within hours.
• River, hills, forest, oceans etc. do not come in the way of air transport.
• Air transport play very important role in rescue operation during natural disasters like flood and earthquake.
• It also connects isolated and far away places with main stream of the country. It is best for north-eastern states and Jammu and Kashmir.
• In India, domestic service is provided by ‘Indian Airlines’. It covers major cities of India and neighboring countries. International air transport service is provided by ‘Air India’.
• Pawanhans provides helicopter facility. Private companies like Sahara, Kingfisher are also operating air transportation in India.
• Problems: a) Air transport is very costly and not suited for common people, b) Construction of airport needs huge capital and technology, c) Airports cannot be constructed everywhere.

Difference between Personal and Mass Communication

Personal Communication		Mass Communication
a)    Personal communication takes place between two people or among very few people at a time. b)    Means of personal communication are letters, postcards, telephone, mobile, telegram etc. c)    It is handled mainly by Indian Postal Network and telephone companies.		a)    Mass Communication takes place among many people at a time. Many persons can interact with each other. b)    Means of mass communication are TV, radio, magazines, newspapers, internet, films etc. c)    Mass communication includes print media and electronic media.

India Trade and Its Types

§  Meaning of Trade: Exchange of goods and services among people is called as trade. In other words, buying and selling goods and services is called trade. The place where trade takes place is called as market or trading center. Trade takes place because all parts of world do not have same resources and they do not produce same commodity. Higher amount of trade indicate higher economic development of a country.

§  Balance of Payment: The ratio between value of export and import is called balance of payment. If export is higher than import, it is called ‘favourable balance of payment’. If import is higher than export, it is called negative balance of payment.

§  Export from India: Petroleum products, engineering goods, gems and jewellery, computer software, chemical products and agricultural products are exported by India to other countries.

§  Import to India: Petroleum, pearls and precious stones, coal, inorganic chemicals, fertilizers, electronic consumer durables are imported by India from other countries.

  

Geography Notes for Class: X [Social Science]

CHAPTER 6: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

CHAPTER 6: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Important Terms

• Manufacturing: Processing of raw material to make another valuable product in large quantity is called as manufacturing.
• Light Industries: Industries which uses light raw material and produces light goods are called as light industries e.g. electric fans, bulb, button, toys etc.
• Integrated Steel Plants: It is a large steel plant which handle everything under one complex – from smelting, rolling and shaping of steel. Ex – Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur etc.

Remember These Facts

• First cement plant was set in the year 1904 in Chennai.
• Chemical industry produces fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastic, adhesive, paints, dye, glass, soap, acids, detergents etc.
• Smelting of bauxite to produce aluminium needs very high electricity [18,600 Kwh for one ton of ore]. Therefore, aluminium smelting plants are located near the source of hydroelectricity.
• IT Industry and Electronic Industry includes manufacturing of television, telephone, mobiles, computers, IC, radars etc. Bangalore is called Electronic Capital of India. It is also called as Silicon Valley of India.
• Sugar industry is located in the sugarcane producing area because sugarcane is a perishable item. It cannot be transport for longer distance and time.
• First Cotton Mill was started in 1854 in Mumbai.
• Four famous variety of Indian silk are: a) mulberry, b) tasar, c) eri and d) muga.
• Four well known synthetic fibers are: a) rayon, b) nylon, c) terelene and d) decron.
• Three types of fertilizers manufactured in India are: a) Urea, b) Phosphatic Fertilisers, c) Ammonium Phosphate [DAP].

Importance of Manufacturing Industries

a)    Manufacturing industries are the backbone of our economy. Economic strength of any country depends on manufacturing industries.

b)    Manufacturing industries help in modernization of agriculture. Tractor, harvester, thresher, irrigation pipes, sprinklers, fertilizers etc are made in these industries.

c)    It is a great source of employment. Millions of people are directly engaged in manufacturing. These industries also help in eradicating unemployment and poverty.

d)    Export of manufactured items help trade and commerce and our country earn foreign exchange.

e)    Manufacturing meet the basic need of the people i.e. food, cloth and shelter.

f)     Highest contribution to our national economy comes from manufacturing industries. It brings prosperity, social and economic development.

Types or Classification of Manufacturing Industries

A] On the basis of Raw Materials [Input]
	1. Agro Based:	Those industries where raw materials come from agriculture, e.g. Cotton, Wollen, Jute, Silk Textiles, Sugar, Tea, Edible Oil
	2. Mineral Based:	Those industries where minerals are used as raw materials, e.g. Iron & Steel, Cement, Aluminum, Machine Tools etc.
B] On the basis of their Main Role
	1. Basic Industries:	Those industries which provide raw material to other industries are called basic industries. These industries help the development of other industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper and Aluminium Smelting
	2. Consumer Industries:	Those industries which produce goods for consumers are called consumer industries. Finished goods of these industries are directly sold in the market for consumers, e.g. Sugar, Toothpaste, Soap, Bread, Paper etc.
C] On the basis of Capital Investment
	1. Small Scale Industries:	Those industries where investment of capital in less than rupees one crore is called as small scale industries, e.g. Mat, Furniture, Toys, Bread, Tools etc.
	2. Large Scale Industries:	Those industries where investment of capital is more than rupees one crore is called as large scale industries, e.g. Iron & Steel, Petrochemicals, Cotton Textiles etc.
D] On the basis of Ownership
	1. Public Sector:	These industries are owned, operated and maintained by Govt. e.g. BHEL, SAIL, IISCO
	2. Private Sector:	These industries are owned, operated and maintained by individual or group of individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd. Dabar India.
	3. Joint Sector:	These industries are jointly run by Govt. and group of individuals. It is mixture of public and private sector, e.g. Oil India Ltd. [OIL].
	4. Cooperative Sector:	These industries are owned, operated and maintained by supplier of raw materials and workers of the industries, e.g. Sugar industries in Maharastra, Coir industries in Kerala.
E] On the basis of Finished Goods [Output]
	1. Heavy Industries:	Those industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials and produced heavy goods in large quantity are called heavy industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper Smelting.
	2. Light Industries:	Those industries which use light and small raw materials and produced light goods are called light industries, e.g. Electrical, Toys, Tools, Utensils etc.

Which factors affect the location of an industry?

           

Industries are not found everywhere. They are located at certain places only where they get favourable condition. Location of an industry is governed by mainly by the following two factors.

1. Raw Materials 2. Source of Energy 3. Source of Water 4. Availability of Capital and Finance

5. Demand in Market 6. Skilled Labourers and Workers 7. Banking and Insurance 8. Transport and Communication

Cotton Textile Industry and Its Problems

• It is an agro-based and the oldest industry in India. First cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai. At present, it the largest industry in our country. There are about 1600 cotton textile mills in our country.
• Cotton textile mills are mainly concentrated in Maharastra and Gujarat due to favourable conditions. Important centres are Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Suar, Rajkot etc. Other centres are Agra, Kanpur, Hugli, Chennai, Madurai etc.
• Cotton textile is produced by three methods in India: a) Handloom, b) Power-looms and c) Mills
• Cotton textile industry involves ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, tailoring and packaging to produce readymade garments.
• India export yarn and readymade garments to USA, Japan, UK, France, Nepal, Sri Lanka etc.
• Cotton textile industries are facing many problems such as: a) scarcity of good quality cotton, b) main cotton growing area went to Pakistan, c) old machinery, d) erratic power supply, e) low productivity of labour, f) tough competition from synthetic fibers.

Iron & Steel Industry and Its Problems

• This industry is called as basic industry because it provide raw material to many other industries such as machine an tools, transport equipment, construction material etc. It is also called as heavy industry because raw materials [iron ore, coal, limestone] are bulky in nature.
• Iron ore mixed with limestone is smelted in the blast furnace using coking coal to produce pig iron. The ratio of iron ore, limestone and coking coal used in 4:2:1.
• Pig iron is mixed with manganese, chromium and nickel which make it more stronger steel.
• Most of the steel plants are located in Chotanagpur region due to its favourable conditions. At present there are 10 integrated iron and steel plants and many small and mini plants. Important integrated steel plants are Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Bhilai, Burnpur etc.
• India produces about 33 million tons of steel every year even though per capita consumption of steel is very low i.e. 32 kg. It is low because India has low economic and industrial development.
• Today steel industries in India are facing many problems: a) High cost of production, b) Limited availability of coking coal, c) Low productivity of labour, d) Irregular supply of energy, e) Raw materials are found in a certain pocket of India only, f) Poor infrastructure like transport and communication etc.

Jute Industries and Its Problems

• India is largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. There are about 70 jute mills in our country.
• First jute mill was setup in Rishra [Kolkata] in 1859. Most of the jute mills are located along Hugli River in West Bengal due to favourable condition.
• Jute is used in making rope, bags, carpets etc. Bihar, UP, Assam and Tripura also have jute miils.
• Jute industries are facing problems like: a) main jute producing area went to Bangladesh, b) high production cost, c) declining demand of jute in international market, d) tough competition from synthetic fiber industry.

Why cotton industries are mainly concentrated in Maharastra and Gujarat?

Cotton textile industries are located mainly in Maharastra [around Mumbai] and Gujarat [around Ahmedabad] because of the following reasons.

a)    Raw Materials: These areas have easy access to raw material i.e. cotton. Maharastra and Gujarat are the largest producer of cotton in India.

b)    Favourable Climate: Humid climate is required for cotton textile. Maharastra and Gujarat have humid climate as they are located near to Arabian Sea. This climate is also good for cultivation of cotton.

c)    Availability of Capital: Mumbai is the financial capital of our country. It provides finance and capital to cotton textile.

d)    Labour: Maharastra and Gujarat are heavily populated area. Cheap labours are available in this region.

e)    Transport and Communication: Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Pune etc are well connected by road and rail with other part of the country. Mumbai port is used to export readymade garments to European Countries.

Why iron and steel industries are located mainly in Chotanagpur Region?

Most of important integrated steel plants are locate in Chotanagpur region i.e in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Orrisa etc. It is because of the following reasons:

a)    Raw Material: Chotanagpur area is rich in iron ore. Iron ore is extracted from Singbhum, Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar etc.

b)    Energy: Coal is used for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. Coal is available from Raniganj, Dhanbad, Jharia and Bokaro.

c)    Cheap labour: Bengal, Bihar and Orissa have high density of population. Therefore, cheap labour is available in this region.

d)    Transport: This region is well connected by road and railway with other parts of the country. Nantional Highway  2, Delhi – Howrah and Howrah – Mumbai rail route passes through this region.

e)    Capital: Kolkata is a megacity which provide capital, banking and insurance facility.

Jute industries are located mainly along Hooghly River. Why?

There are 69 jute mills located in a 2 km broad belt along Hooghly River. This area provides many favourable conditions required for this industry.

a)    Raw jute is available for West Bengal. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute.

b)    Coal for energy is brought from nearby Raniganj Coalfields.

c)    Hooghly River provides water for washing and cleaning jute.

d)    Warm and humid climate is very favourable for cultivation of jute and jute industry.

e)    Kolkata is a metro city which provides capital and market.

f)     Hooghly River also provides cheap water transport.

Sugar industry is shifting from northern to southern India. Why?

Earlier UP and Bihar were the main producer of sugarcane. Therefore, most of the sugar mills were located in these two states only. But now, sugar mills are shifting towards Maharastra and Karnataka because of following reasons.

a)    Per hectare production of sugarcane is higher in southern India. Black soil is quite suitable for cultivation of sugarcane.

b)    Sucrose content in the sugarcane is higher in Maharastra and Karnataka. It means more sugar can be produced for less sugarcane.

c)    Mills and machines are new in southern states. New and modern machines increase the productivity.

d)    Crushing season for sugarcane is longer in southern states.

e)    Cooperative sugar mills are running successfully in southern states.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

a)    Air pollution is caused by the emission of CO₂, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide etc. Chimneys of the industries produce heat leading to Global Warming and Green House Effect. Use of CFC in various industrial products depletes ozone layer which filters ultraviolet rays of the sun.

b)    Dumping of organic and inorganic industrial waste into water bodies pollute the water. Industries which produce paper, pulp, chemical, leather, acids, dyes, fertilizers etc generate lots of toxic waste which kills the aquatic life.

c)    High intensity sound generated by running machines, siren, drilling, fans etc leads to noise pollution. It causes irritation, hearing impairment, heart attack etc. among the nearby people.

d)    Mining activity to get raw material for industries also degrade the environment. Land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, water logging etc. of result of mining activities.

Measurement [Methods] for Controlling Environmental Pollution and Degradation

a)    Industries should be located with careful planning and better design.

b)    Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of coal.

c)    Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels.

d)    Modern equipment should be used which controls, filters and separate harmful materials from the waste.

e)    Waste water should be properly treated before discharging into rivers.

f)     Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of waste.

g)    Polluting industries should be located away from town and cities.